Part of speech 

Part of speech is a part of English grammar in the form of a classification of words which are divided into several categories based on their role and function in the structure of a sentence. There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. 

       

     The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can function as more than one part of speech when used in different circumstances. Understanding parts of speech is essential for determining the correct definition of a word when using the dictionary.

• noun

        A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, , subject complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective.
 the kind of noun.

1.   Proper Noun

         A proper noun is the given name of a person, or a specific place or thin. A proper noun always starts with a capital letter. All days and months are proper noun and start with capital letters.

2.    Common Noun

         A common noun is the word used for a class of person, place, or thing. Common nouns are not capitalized unless used in start of a sentence.

3. Concrete Noun

        Concrete nouns are the things which we can see or touch physically. This noun contrast with abstract category of noun. For example: tree, hammer, and pen.

4.   Abstract Noun

        Abstract nouns are things you cannot see or touch. Abstract nouns do not have physical existence. These nouns are difficult to guess. Sometime learners get confused with abstract noun and adjectives. Abilities and emotions are abstract noun e.g. bravery, joy, determination etc.

 5.   Collective Noun

         Collective nouns are words that denote groups' collection or multitude of something. These noun are used as singular e.g. team, army, concert. 

6.  Compound Noun

        Compound nouns are nouns made up of more than one word. For example: court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle. Some compound nouns are two words (e.g., peace pipe), some are hyphenated (e.g., play-off), and some have become single words (e.g., eye-opener). And, many of them are currently transitioning through those stages. Therefore, spelling compound nouns can be a nightmare. Some compound nouns form their plural by adding an s to the principal word, not necessarily to the end (e.g., brothers-in-law).

7.   Countable Noun

         A countable noun is a noun that can be counted in numbers like one pen, two cars with both a singular and a plural form.  (E.g. dog/dogs, pie/pies).

8.   Uncountable Noun

        An uncountable noun is a noun without a plural form For example: oxygen, patience. Such nouns do not include counting. All abstract noun falls under the uncountable category of nouns.

9. Gerund Noun

         Gerunds are nouns that end -ing and that represent actions. Gerunds have verb-like properties. But these are used differently in a sentence unlike verbs. Gerund noun are modified with adverbs.

•  pronoun

        Pronouns are categorized into many types. Main types include personal pronoun, possessive pronoun, indefinite pronoun, reflective pronoun, intensive pronoun, demonstration pronoun, interrogative pronoun, and reflexive pronoun.

1.   Personal Pronouns

Pe          Personal pronouns refer to a person's name. We use personal pronouns as a substitute for a person's name. There are two kinds of personal pronoun: Subjective and objective pronouns.
 
(a) Subjective pronoun: Subjective pronouns replace the subject in a sentence. Common subjective pronouns are I, we, you, he, she, it, and they
 
Example: I love watching TV.
 
(b)  Objective pronouns: Objective pronouns replace the object in a sentence. Common objective pronouns are me, us, you, him, her, it, and them
 
Examples: She gave him a present on his birthday. 

2.   2.  Possessive Pronoun

pp             Possessive pronouns are the pronouns that show ownership and possession in a sentence. We categorize possessive pronoun into two types:
 The strong possessive pronouns include yours mine, his, hers, its, theirs, yours, and ours. They refer back to a noun or noun phrase already used, replacing it to avoid repetition: "I said that pen was mine." Strong possessive pronouns are sometime called absolute possessive pronoun.

 
        The weak possessive pronouns include your, my, her, his, its, their, our, and, your. Their function is as a determiner in front of a noun to express whom something belongs to:  "I said that's my pen." Sometime we call them possessive adjectives.

3.  Indefinite Pronouns
 
        Indefinite pronouns refer to something that in not definite in a sentence, they do not refer to particular thing or person. We use them when an object does not need to be specifically identified. There are two main types of indefinite   pronoun: Singular indefinite pronoun and plural indefinite pronoun.

 
 4. Relative Pronouns
 
        A relative pronoun is a pronoun that relates the   relative clause to    another    clause    within    a sentence. In addition, introduces the relative clause or an adjective clause. In mostly cases it acts as a subject of the relative clause.
 
 5. Intensive Pronouns
 
        Intensive pronouns emphasize, or intensify nouns   and   pronouns    and   we   define   it   as     a pronoun that ends in self or selves. Intensive pronouns place emphasis on its antecedent by referring back to another noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence. An intensive pronoun is approximately identical to a reflexive pronoun. Intensive   pronouns    are    also    sometimes called emphatic pronouns.Intensive pronouns are himself, myself, themselves, itself, herself, yourselves, ourselves, and yourself.
 
6.  Demonstrative Pronouns
 
        Demonstrative pronouns are the nouns that take place of a noun that's already been mentioned in a sentence. Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural.  Five main demonstrative pronouns are: these, those, such, this, that.
 
 7.   Interrogative Pronouns
 
        An interrogative pronoun often stands for something that we are not aware of yet, because we are asking about it. We use these pronouns specifically to ask questions.
Most commonly used interrogative pronouns are: whose, what, whom, which, and who.
 
The other words like "whichever" and "whatsoever" are the words that we use as interrogative pronouns.

  8.   Reflexive Pronouns
 
        Reflexive pronouns and intensive pronouns are similar, but the difference between them is that intensive pronouns are not essential to a sentence's meaning. Meanwhile, reflexive pronouns are. In addition, they are used when the subject and the object of a sentence refer to the same person or thing. 

 
9. Reciprocal Pronouns
 
        A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that we use to identify a feeling or any kind of action that is reciprocated among two or more than two. That is why; it always refers to two or more than two persons.      
 
 
 10.  Distributive Pronouns
 
        Distributive pronoun is a pronoun that describes a member of a group separately from the group and not collectively or including in that group. It refers to a thing or a person in a group. We use this pronoun to describe all the individual members of a particular group. Distributive pronoun are commonly used with plural noun and singular verb.
 

• Verb

        A verb shows the happening or state of something. It is an action word. It can show: If somebody does something; like:  This cat sleeps all day. If something has done onto someone; like: A stranger patted the stray cat. The state of someone or something; like: The cat is alive fortunately.

    1.   Linking Verbs

        Linking verb is a verb that connects a sentence together. It does not mean anything on its own but makes sense when used in a sentence. Common Linking Verbs that are used are: Is, am, are, was, were
Examples in sentences:
The birds are flying high up in the sky. She is always looking fabulous. 

3.  Action Verbs

Action verbs show action. They create an image of the happening in your head. There are two kinds of action verbs:
(a) Transitive Verbs: The verb in a sentence that has a direct object is known as Transitive verb. The verb should have something on which it is performed. The sentences containing Transitive Verbs can also be converted from Active Voice to Passive Voice.
(b) Intransitive Verbs: The verb in a sentence that does not have a direct object is known as Intransitive verb. The sentences containing Intransitive   Verbs   cannot   be   converted from Active Voice to Passive Voice.

 4. Reflexive Verb

Reflexive verbs are those who’s subject and direct object are the same. They refer back to the same thing or person.

5.   Auxiliary Verbs

        Auxiliary Verbs help the main verb in a sentence and are called Helping Verbs. Auxiliary Verbs, when used with ordinary verbs help in changing the tenses, mood or voice of a sentence. They also help in making negatives and interrogatives of sentences. Auxiliary Verbs are also simply called Auxiliaries. 

6.   Modal Verbs

        Modal verbs are the verbs that are used before the ordinary verbs to show meanings such as: possibilities, permission, certainty etc. 

• Adverb

        An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It provides us with further information about a verb, adjective or another adverb. It tells us in which manner, at what place or time, something happened, or is/was done.

  I.  Adverbs of Time

        Adverbs of time tell us about which time an action was performed. These answer the question: When? Common words which come under the category of adverbs of time are:  Ago, before, after, later, already, now, never, formerly, soon, since, etc.
Examples in sentences:
§  I called my friend a few days ago.
§  I formerly worked at the pizza shop.

    II.    2. Adverbs of Place

         Adverbs of Place tell us about at what place an action took place. These answer the question: Where? Common words which come under the category of adverbs of place are: Here, there, up, out, in, within, away, etc.
Examples in sentences:
Mr. Saud was visiting here an hour ago. I'm going out with my family.

3.  Adverbs of Frequency

        Adverbs of frequency show us about how often or how many times a thing took place. These answer the question: How often? Common words used as adverbs of frequency are: Once, twice, again, often, seldom, rarely, always, frequently, etc
Examples in sentences:
 I often go to visit my grandparents. It rarely rains around here.

 4. Adverbs of Degree

        Adverbs of Degree inform us about to what degree or an extent something happens. These answer the question: How much? Adverbs of Degree are also known as Adverbs of Quantity. Common words used as Adverbs of Degree or Quantity are: Too, any, almost, so, pretty, rather, quite, partly, altogether, enough, etc.
Examples in sentences:
I was pretty busy yesterday.
§     The sauce I bought today was good enough for making my pizza.

 5.    Adverbs of Manner

        Adverbs of Manner give us information about how or in which manner some action is preceded. These answer the question: How? Adverbs of manner usually are derived from adjectives and mostly end in -ly. Following are some common words that come under the adverbs of manner category: Swiftly, clearly, foolishly, well, so, slowly.

       Examples in sentences:
  Hassan caught the loose snake bravely.
§      Her hair is always well combed.
§      She should do so.

6.    Adverbs of Reason

         Adverbs of Reason are the words that are used to state the reason or cause of some happening. These are also known as Adverb of Cause and answer the question: Why? The common words that come under this category are: Because, hence, therefore, so, etc.
 Example in sentences:
§      I therefore went to the market by myself.
§      He was hungry, so he went to the restaurant.

 7.   Adverbs of Affirmation Negation

         Adverbs of Affirmation are the words that are used to affirm or declare something as true. These validate things. These are the words that are commonly used as adverbs of affirmation: Surely, certainly, definitely, very, obviously, yes, indeed, etc.
 Examples:

Surely it rained yesterday.
§    I am obviously going to get an A+ on my test.

8.   Adverbs of Negation

        Adverbs of negation are the words which denote a statement, action or an idea as false. It is used to negate something. Words commonly used to falsify something are:  No, never, invalidly, etc

  IX.     9. Relative Adverbs

         Relative Adverbs are the words which come before an adjective clause. These are: When, where and why.

     X.  10.  Interrogative Adverbs

        Interrogative Adverbs are the verbs used to ask questions. These are placed in the beginning of the sentence which contains the question. These words are commonly used as interrogative adverbs:  Why, where, how, when
    Examples in sentences:
 When will you come to visit?
§      How was the roast cooked

• Adjective

        An adjective is defined a word which gives information about a noun, pronoun, or a noun phrase. It gives additional information about a noun or pronoun

1. Adjectives of Quality

        Adjectives of quality describe the kind, quality, or degree, of a noun or pronoun. They are also called Descriptive Adjectives.

2.   Adjectives of Quantity

         These adjectives tell us about the quantity of a noun. They answer the question: How much? 

3.  Adjectives of Number

         Adjectives of Number tell us about how many things or people are meant or the order of standing of people or things.  These are also called Numeral Adjectives. 

 4.   Demonstrative Adjectives

         Demonstrative Adjectives point to a specific person or thing. They answer the question: Which? 

5.   Interrogative Adjectives

         Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions. When what, whose and which are used with a noun to ask questions, they become interrogative adjectives. Interrogative adjectives are only three and are very easy to remember.

6.    Possessive Adjectives

         Possessive adjectives denote the ownership of something.

7.   Emphasizing Adjectives

         Emphasizing adjectives are used to put emphasis in sentences. 

8. 8.  Exclamatory Adjective

 Exclamatory adjective is used to exclaim excitement, fear and other extreme feelings. There is only one word which is usually used to exclaim i.e. what.

• Preposition

         Prepositions are the words that we put before nouns or pronouns. These denote in what relation the person or thing indicated by it exists, in relation to something else. 

1.   Simple Prepositions

         Simple prepositions are used to denote a relation between nouns or pronouns. These can even be used to join different parts of sentences and clauses. Simple prepositions are one word prepositions. These are also called Single Prepositions.

 2.    Double Prepositions

          Double Prepositions are made by putting together two Single Prepositions. That is why they are called Double Prepositions

  3.  Compound Prepositions

         Compound Prepositions are usually formed by prefixing a Preposition to Nouns, Adjectives or Adverbs. They are different from Double Prepositions because they are not formed by two single prepositions.

 4.  Phrasal Prepositions

         Phrasal Prepositions are groups of words or phrases that join the noun or pronoun in a sentence, to the remainder of the sentence. These groups of words express a single idea by coming together as a unit.

• Conjunctions

          Conjunctions are simply words that join sentences, clauses and sometimes words. These join together sentences are to make them more compact. Unlike Relative Adverbs and Relative Pronouns, Conjunctions just simply join and perform no other job.

1. Correlative Conjunctions

         There are some Conjunctions which are used as pairs.  These types of   conjunctions   are called Correlative Conjunctions or just Correlatives.

 2.  Compound Conjunctions

         Many compound expressions are also used as conjunctions. These compound expressions are called Compound Conjunctions.

• Interjections

         Interjections are the words or group of words that are used to express and exclaim extreme emotions. These words are always used with an exclamation mark. Interjections do not have any grammatical function in a sentence

• Determiners

         Determiners are the words that are placed before nouns or adjectives to introduce them. These are different from adjectives because they are just used for introduction of nouns while adjectives give additional information about nouns. Determiners are also called Determinatives.
 

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